Open Wide and Trek Inside

Developed under a contract from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

BSCS
5415 Mark Dabling Boulevard
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918

Videodiscovery, Inc.
1700 Westlake Avenue, North, Suite 600
Seattle, Washington 98109

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This material was created with support from the National Institutes of Health under Contract No. 263-98-C-0056. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations in this publication belong to the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency.

Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. All rights reserved. BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. give permission to copy materials from this module (including the software) for classroom use. This copyright does not, however, cover copying these materials for any other purpose. For permissions and other rights under this copyright, contact BSCS, 5415 Mark Dabling Blvd., Colorado Springs, CO 80918-3842, www.bscs.org, info@bscs.org, (719) 531-5550.

NIH Publication No. 00-4869
ISBN: #1-929614-04-7

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BSCS Development Team

Nancy M. Landes, Principal Investigator
Anne L. Westbrook, Project Director
Debra A. Hannigan, Curriculum Developer
Ann C. Lanari, Research Assistant
Carol Vallee, Project Assistant
Karen Bertollini, Project Assistant
Mary Crist, Project Assistant
Carrie Hamm, Project Assistant
Raphaela Pascoe, Project Assistant
Barbara Resch, Editor
Ric Bascobert, Editor
Diane Gionfriddo, Photo Research
Sandra Matthews, Evaluator

Videodiscovery, Inc. Development Team

Shaun Taylor, Vice President for Product Development
Michael Bade, Multimedia Producer, Project Director, Programmer
David Christianson, Animator, Programmer
Terry Gangstad, Voice of Exee
Emma Swanson, Child's voice

Advisory Committee

Nina Finkel, Whittier Elementary School, Chicago, Illinois
Isabel Garcia, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland
Beth Hines, Dental Hygienist, Olympia, Washington
Richard Lamont, University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington
Cindy Lindquist, Cañon Elementary School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Marilyn Lindsay, Taos Day School, Taos, New Mexico
Marcia Rubin, American School Health Association, Kent, Ohio

Writing Team

Michael Bade, Videodiscovery, Seattle, Washington
Gail Bemis-Stoops, Synergy Seminars, Dewey, Arizona
Cynthia Buckley, Pikes Peak Community College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Cathy Griswold, Lyons Elementary School, Lyons, Oregon
Charles Kalish, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
Jane Steffensen, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

Spanish Translations

Isabel Garcia and Eligia Murcia, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

Spanish Translation Reviewer

Guillermo Solano-Flores, WestEd, Washington, D.C.

Artists

Susan Bartel
David Christianson, Christianson Animation

Photographs

Carlye Calvin
Corel
Visuals Unlimited

BSCS Administrative Staff

Carlo Parravano, Chairman, Board of Directors
Rodger W. Bybee, Executive Director
Janet Carlson Powell, Associate Director, Chief Science Education Officer
Larry Satkowiak, Associate Director, Chief Operating Officer

Videodiscovery, Inc. Administrative Staff

D. Joseph Clark, President
Shaun Taylor, Vice President for Product Development

National Institutes of Health

Bruce Fuchs, Office of Science Education
Isabel Garcia, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
William Mowczko, Office of Science Education
Gloria Seelman, Office of Science Education

Field-Test Teachers

Marge Bartovich, Franklin Elementary School, Eveleth, Minnesota
Janet Crockett, Shepherd Elementary School, Washington, D.C.
Maritsa George, Shepherd Elementary School, Washington, D.C.
Susan Howell, Cañon Elementary School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Cindi Hudgins, Yale Elementary School, Yale, Oklahoma
Cynthia Lindquist, Cañon Elementary School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Marilyn Lindsay, Taos Day School, Taos, New Mexico
Sharon Neighbors, Lela Howland Elementary School, Eagle Grove, Iowa
Martha Oestreich, Taos Day School, Taos, New Mexico
Kathryn Powers, Holy Trinity School, Washington, D.C.
Denise Rankin, Carlton Math Science Magnet School, Wichita, Kansas
Chris Ritter, Carus School, Oregon City, Oregon
Stephanie Short, Volga-Century Elementary School, Volga, West Virginia
Jonna Smith, Lost River Elementary School, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Rita Streets, Volga-Century Elementary School, Volga, West Virginia
Ida Willis, Norman Smith Elementary, Clarksville, Tennessee

Cover Design

Martha Blalock, Medical Arts and Photography Branch, National Institutes of Health

Cover Illustration

David Christianson, Christianson Animation

Design and Layout

Angela Greenwalt, Finer Points Productions

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Harold Slavkin for his ideas and enthusiastic support of this project, and to the NIDCR scientific advisors: Robert Coghill, Alice Horowitz, Michael Iadarola, Karen Jaffe, Candace Jones, Mary MacDougall, and Lawrence A. Tabak.

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Contents

Foreword — Page vii

About the National Institutes of Health — Page ix

About the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research — Page xiii

Introduction to Open Wide and Trek Inside — Page 1

• What Are the Objectives of the Module?
• Why Teach the Module?
• What's in It for the Teacher?

Implementing the Module — Page 5

• What Are the Goals of the Module?
• What Are the Science Concepts and How Are They Connected?
• How Does the Module Correlate with the National Science Education Standards?
• Content Standards: Grades K-4
• Teaching Standards
• Assessment Standards
• How Does the 5E Instructional Model Promote Active, Collaborative, Inquiry-based Learning?
• How Does the Module Support Ongoing Assessment?
• How Can Teachers Promote Safety in the Science Classroom?
• How Can Controversial Topics Be Handled in the Classroom?

Using the CD-ROM — Page 17

• Installation Instructions
• Getting the Most out of the CD-ROM
• Collaborative Groups

Using the Student Lessons — Page 21

• Format of the Lessons
• Timeline for Teaching the Module
• Master List of Materials

Student Lessons

• Lesson 1: What Do Mouths Do? — Page 27
• Lesson 2: Open Wide! What's Inside? — Page 39
• Lesson 3: Let's Investigate Tooth Decay! — Page 57
• Lesson 4: What Lives Inside Your Mouth? — Page 69
• Lesson 5: What Keeps Your Mouth Healthy? — Page 77
• Lesson 6: What Have You Learned about the Mouth? — Page 91

Additional Resources for Teachers — Page 105

Glossary — Page 107

References — Page 113

Masters — Page 115

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Foreword

This curriculum supplement is part of The NIH Curriculum Supplements Series, which brings cutting-edge medical science and basic research discoveries straight from the laboratories of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) into classrooms. NIH is the largest medical research institution in the United States. It plays a vital role in the health of all Americans and works to spark students' interest in research, science, and medicine-related careers. NIH's Office of Science Education (OSE) is dedicated to promoting science education and scientific literacy—that is, helping people understand and think critically about science.

This curriculum supplement was designed to work alongside existing life science curricula at the state and local levels, and to align with the National Science Education Standards.¹ A team built it and tested it over three years. The team included teachers from across the country, scientists, medical experts, and other professionals with relevant expertise from institutes and medical schools nationwide; a scientist or representative from each of NIH's 25 institutes; and curriculum design experts from the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) and Videodiscovery. The authors wove real scientific data and actual case studies into classroom activities, and teachers and students in many different parts of the country tested early versions of the lessons.

This module is structured to help teachers guide learning effectively and spark student interest by connecting scientific concepts to real-life situations. Its design includes a logical sequence of lessons based on BSCS's 5E Instructional Model of Learning (a five-step teaching approach), content that draws on multiple subjects while emphasizing cutting-edge science, and built-in tools for assessing student learning. The activities encourage active, collaborative work and are inquiry-based—meaning students investigate and discover ideas for themselves—to help them build problem-solving skills and think critically.

NIH will release a new supplement each year for students in grades K–12. Every curriculum supplement includes a complete set of materials for teachers and students: printed materials, in-depth background and resource information, and a CD-ROM with videos and interactive activities. These supplements are given to teachers across the United States at no cost. All materials may be copied for classroom use but may not be sold. We welcome feedback from everyone who uses them.

For a complete list of curriculum supplements, updates, availability and ordering information, or to share feedback, visit our website at http://science-education.nih.gov, or write to:

Curriculum Supplements Series
Office of Science Education
National Institutes of Health
6705 Rockledge Dr., Suite 700 MSC 7984
Bethesda, MD 29892-7984

We deeply appreciate the valuable work of the talented staff at the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) and Videodiscovery, Inc. We are equally grateful to the NIH scientists, advisors, and all other profession