Open Wide and Trek Inside

Made with support from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

BSCS
5415 Mark Dabling Boulevard
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918

Videodiscovery, Inc.
1700 Westlake Avenue, North, Suite 600
Seattle, Washington 98109

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health under Contract No. 263-98-C-0056. Any ideas or opinions in this book belong to the authors and don't necessarily represent the views of the people who funded it.

Copyright © 2000 by BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. All rights reserved. Teachers have permission from BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. to copy parts of this book (including the software) for classroom use. This permission does not cover copying for any other reason. To ask about other uses, contact BSCS, 5415 Mark Dabling Blvd., Colorado Springs, CO 80918-3842, www.bscs.org, info@bscs.org, (719) 531-5550.

NIH Publication No. 00-4869
ISBN: #1-929614-04-7

People Who Made This Book

BSCS Team: Nancy M. Landes (lead investigator), Anne L. Westbrook (project director), Debra A. Hannigan (curriculum writer), Ann C. Lanari (research helper), Carol Vallee, Karen Bertollini, Mary Crist, Carrie Hamm, and Raphaela Pascoe (project helpers), Barbara Resch and Ric Bascobert (editors), Diane Gionfriddo (photo researcher), Sandra Matthews (evaluator).

Videodiscovery Team: Shaun Taylor (vice president), Michael Bade (producer, director, programmer), David Christianson (animator, programmer), Terry Gangstad (voice of Exee), Emma Swanson (child's voice).

Advisory Committee: Nina Finkel, Isabel Garcia, Beth Hines, Richard Lamont, Cindy Lindquist, Marilyn Lindsay, and Marcia Rubin — teachers, dentists, and health experts from schools and organizations across the country.

Writing Team: Michael Bade, Gail Bemis-Stoops, Cynthia Buckley, Cathy Griswold, Charles Kalish, and Jane Steffensen.

Spanish Translations: Isabel Garcia and Eligia Murcia, with review by Guillermo Solano-Flores.

Artists: Susan Bartel and David Christianson.

Photographs: Carlye Calvin, Corel, and Visuals Unlimited.

BSCS Leaders: Carlo Parravano (board chair), Rodger W. Bybee (executive director), Janet Carlson Powell and Larry Satkowiak (associate directors).

Videodiscovery Leaders: D. Joseph Clark (president) and Shaun Taylor (vice president).

National Institutes of Health Team: Bruce Fuchs, Isabel Garcia, William Mowczko, and Gloria Seelman — all from the Office of Science Education.

Field-Test Teachers: Many teachers from schools across the United States — including Minnesota, Washington D.C., Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Iowa, Kansas, Oregon, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee — tried out these lessons in their classrooms.

Cover Design: Martha Blalock, National Institutes of Health.

Cover Drawing: David Christianson.

Layout: Angela Greenwalt.

Special Thanks: To Harold Slavkin for his ideas and support, and to the science advisors: Robert Coghill, Alice Horowitz, Michael Iadarola, Karen Jaffe, Candace Jones, Mary MacDougall, and Lawrence A. Tabak.

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Table of Contents

• Foreword — page vii
• About the National Institutes of Health — page ix
• About the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research — page xiii
• Introduction to Open Wide and Trek Inside — page 1
• What Are the Goals of the Module?
• Why Teach This Module?
• What's In It for the Teacher?
• Putting the Module to Use — page 5
• What Are the Goals of the Module?
• What Science Ideas Are Covered, and How Do They Connect?
• How Does This Module Match the National Science Education Standards?
• Content Standards for Grades K–4
• Teaching Standards
• Assessment Standards
• How Does the 5E Teaching Model Help Students Learn by Doing, Working Together, and Asking Questions?
• How Does This Module Support Ongoing Checks for Understanding?
• How Can Teachers Keep Science Class Safe?
• How Can Teachers Handle Tricky Topics in Class?
• Using the CD-ROM — page 17
• How to Install It
• Getting the Most Out of the CD-ROM
• Working in Groups
• Using the Student Lessons — page 21
• How the Lessons Are Set Up
• A Timeline for Teaching the Module
• A List of All Materials Needed

Student Lessons

• Lesson 1: What Do Mouths Do? — page 27
• Lesson 2: Open Wide! What's Inside? — page 39
• Lesson 3: Let's Investigate Tooth Decay! — page 57
• Lesson 4: What Lives Inside Your Mouth? — page 69
• Lesson 5: What Keeps Your Mouth Healthy? — page 77
• Lesson 6: What Have You Learned About the Mouth? — page 91

• More Resources for Teachers — page 105
• Glossary (word definitions) — page 107
• References — page 113
• Extra Materials — page 115

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Foreword

This book is part of a series called The NIH Curriculum Supplements. It brings exciting medical science and discoveries from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) laboratories right into classrooms. NIH is the biggest medical research organization in the United States. It plays an important part in keeping Americans healthy, and it wants to get young people excited about science, research, and medical careers. A part of NIH called the Office of Science Education (OSE) works to help people learn about science and understand it well.

This book was designed to work alongside science lessons that schools already teach, and to match the National Science Education Standards.¹ A team built and tested it over three years. The team included teachers from all over the country, scientists, doctors, other experts, a scientist from each of NIH's 25 institutes, and curriculum experts from BSCS and Videodiscovery. The writers used real scientific facts and real case studies to build the classroom activities. Teachers and students in many different places tried out the lessons before the book was finished.

This module is built so teachers can help students learn well and get interested in science by connecting it to real life. It follows BSCS's 5E Teaching Model, mixes in several subjects along with up-to-date science, and includes ways to check what students have learned. The activities get students working together and doing things themselves, which helps them learn to solve problems and think carefully.

Every year, NIH will publish new supplements for students in kindergarten through 12th grade. Each one comes with everything teachers and students need: printed materials, background information, and a CD-ROM with videos and activities. Schools across the United States can get these materials for free. Teachers may copy them for classroom use, but they cannot be sold. We'd love to hear from the people who use them.

For a full list of these curriculum supplements, updates, and how to get them — or to share your feedback — visit our website at http://science-education.nih.gov, or write to:

Curriculum Supplements Series
Office of Science Education
National Institutes of Health
6705 Rockledge Dr., Suite 700 MSC 7984
Bethesda, MD 29892-7984

We want to thank the talented staff at BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. for their hard work. We're also grateful to the NIH scientists, advisors, and other experts who helped. Finally, thank you to the teachers and students who tested these lessons to make sure they are both fun and effective. We hope this series adds real value to your classroom, and we wish you a great school year.

Bruce A. Fuchs, Ph.D.
Director, Office of Science Education
National Institutes of Health

¹ In December 1995, the National Academy of Sciences published the National Science Education Standards. These standards explain what every person should understand about science by the time they finish high school. They encourage teachers to focus on big science ideas that help students use information to solve problems, instead of just memorizing unrelated facts.

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About the National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the world's leading center for medical research. Its job is to study and address the health needs of the whole country. NIH is the largest sponsor of health research in the United States.

In simple terms, NIH's goal is to learn new things that help prevent, find, diagnose, and treat diseases and disabilities — from the rarest genetic disorder to the common cold. NIH reaches this goal in several ways: by doing research in its own labs in Bethesda, Maryland, and other places around the country; by supporting the research of scientists outside the government, both in the U.S. and other countries; by helping train new researchers; and by sharing medical information with the public.

NIH Supports Research

One of NIH's main jobs is to spend tax dollars wisely on medical research. About 82 percent of its budget goes toward grants and contracts. This money supports research and training at more than 2,000 universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research centers in the United States and other countries.

About 10 percent of the budget funds more than 2,000 projects, most of which take place in NIH's own laboratories.