CK-12 Chemistry Workbook

CK-12 Foundation — February 13, 2010

CK-12 Foundation is a nonprofit organization. Its mission is to lower the cost of textbooks for students in grades K–12, both in the United States and around the world. CK-12 uses an open, web-based system for building textbooks called the "FlexBook." Through this collaborative approach, CK-12 aims to create high-quality educational materials that work both as a main textbook and as a flexible tool that adapts to how each student learns.

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Contents

1. The Science of Chemistry Worksheets — 11

• 1.1 The Scientific Method — 11
• 1.2 Chemistry in History — 11
• 1.3 Chemistry Is a Science of Materials — 11
• 1.4 Matter — 11
• 1.5 Energy — 13

2. Chemistry — A Physical Science Worksheets — 15

• 2.1 Measurements in Chemistry — 15
• 2.2 Using Measurements — 15
• 2.3 Using Mathematics in Chemistry — 26
• 2.4 Using Algebra in Chemistry — 30

3. Chemistry in the Laboratory Worksheets — 31

• 3.1 Making Observations — 31
• 3.2 Making Measurements — 31
• 3.3 Using Data — 31
• 3.4 How Scientists Use Data — 31

4. The Atomic Theory Worksheets — 33

• 4.1 Early Development of a Theory — 33
• 4.2 Further Understanding of the Atom — 33
• 4.3 Atomic Terminology — 33

5. The Bohr Model of the Atom Worksheets — 35

• 5.1 The Wave Form of Light — 35
• 5.2 The Dual Nature of Light — 35
• 5.3 Light and the Atomic Spectra — 35
• 5.4 The Bohr Model — 35

6. Quantum Mechanics Model of the Atom Worksheets — 37

• 6.1 The Wave-Particle Duality — 37
• 6.2 Schrödinger's Wave Functions — 37
• 6.3 Heisenberg's Contribution — 37
• 6.4 Quantum Numbers — 37
• 6.5 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals — 38

7. Electron Configurations for Atoms Worksheets — 45

• 7.1 The Electron Spin Quantum Number — 45
• 7.2 Pauli Exclusion — 46
• 7.3 Aufbau Principle — 46
• 7.4 Writing Electron Configurations — 46

8. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Worksheets — 51

• 8.1 Electron Configurations of Main Group Elements — 51
• 8.2 Orbital Configurations — 51
• 8.3 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations — 51

9. Relationships Between the Elements Worksheets — 55

• 9.1 Families on the Periodic Table — 55
• 9.2 Electron Configurations — 55
• 9.3 Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams — 55
• 9.4 Chemical Family Members Have Similar Properties — 57
• 9.5 Transition Elements — 57
• 9.6 Lanthanide and Actinide Series — 57

10. Trends on the Periodic Table Worksheets — 59

• 10.1 Atomic Size — 59
• 10.2 Ionization Energy — 59
• 10.3 Electron Affinity — 59

11. Ions and the Compounds They Form Worksheets — 61

• 11.1 The Formation of Ions — 61
• 11.2 Ionic Bonding — 64
• 11.3 Properties of Ionic Compounds — 64

12. Writing and Naming Ionic Formulas Worksheets — 65

• 12.1 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds — 65
• 12.2 Inorganic Nomenclature — 66

13. Covalent Bonding Worksheets — 67

• 13.1 The Covalent Bond — 67
• 13.2 Atoms That Form Covalent Bonds — 67
• 13.3 Naming Covalent Compounds — 67

14. Molecular Architecture Worksheets — 69

• 14.1 Types of Bonds That Form Between Atoms — 69
• 14.2 The Covalent Molecules of Family 2A–8A — 69
• 14.3 Resonance — 69
• 14.4 Electronic and Molecular Geometry — 69
• 14.5 Molecular Polarity — 70

15. The Mathematics of Compounds Worksheets — 89

• 15.1 Determining Formula and Molecular Mass — 89
• 15.2 The Mole — 90
• 15.3 Percent Composition — 92
• 15.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas — 94

16. Chemical Reactions Worksheets — 99

• 16.1 Chemical Equations — 99
• 16.2 Balancing Equations — 99
• 16.3 Types of Reactions — 100

17. Mathematics and Chemical Equations Worksheets — 105

• 17.1 The Mole Concept and Equations — 105
• 17.2 Mass–Mass Calculations — 105
• 17.3 Limiting Reactant — 108
• 17.4 Percent Yield — 110
• 17.5 Energy Calculations — 111

18. The Kinetic Molecular Theory Worksheets — 113

• 18.1 The Three States of Matter — 113
• 18.2 Gases — 113
• 18.3 Gases and Pressure — 113
• 18.4 Gas Laws — 113
• 18.5 Universal Gas Law — 117
• 18.6 Molar Volume — 117
• 18.7 Stoichiometry Involving Gases — 117

19. The Liquid State Worksheets — 119

• 19.1 The Properties of Liquids — 119
• 19.2 Forces of Attraction — 119
• 19.3 Vapor Pressure — 119
• 19.4 Boiling Point — 119
• 19.5 Heat of Vaporization — 119

20. The Solid State Worksheets (HSC) — 121

• 20.1 The Molecular Arrangement in Solids Controls Solid Characteristics — 121
• 20.2 Melting — 121
• 20.3 Types of Forces of Attraction for Solids — 130
• 20.4 Phase Diagrams — 130

21. The Solution Process Worksheets — 131

• 21.1 The Solution Process — 131
• 21.2 Why Solutions Occur — 131
• 21.3 Solution Terminology — 131
• 21.4 Measuring Concentration — 131
• 21.5 Solubility Graphs — 135
• 21.6 Factors Affecting Solubility — 136
• 21.7 Colligative Properties — 136
• 21.8 Colloids — 141
• 21.9 Separating Mixtures — 141

22. Ions in Solution Worksheets — 143

• 22.1 Ions in Solution — 143
• 22.2 Covalent Compounds in Solution — 143
• 22.3 Reactions Between Ions in Solutions — 143

23. Chemical Kinetics Worksheets — 145

• 23.1 Rate of Reactions — 145
• 23.2 Collision Theory — 145
• 23.3 Potential Energy Diagrams — 145
• 23.4 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates — 148
• 23.5 Reaction Mechanism — 148

24. Chemical Equilibrium Worksheets — 149

• 24.1 Introduction to Equilibrium — 149
• 24.2 Equilibrium Constant — 149
• 24.3 The Effect of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium — 154
• 24.4 Slightly Soluble Salts — 160

25. Acids and Bases Worksheets — 161

• 25.1 Arrhenius Acids — 161
• 25.2 Strong and Weak Acids — 161
• 25.3 Arrhenius Bases — 162
• 25.4 Salts — 162
• 25.5 pH — 162
• 25.6 Weak Acid/Base Equilibria — 163
• 25.7 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases — 164
• 25.8 Lewis Acids and Bases — 164

26. Water, pH, and Titration Worksheets — 165

• 26.1 Water Ionizes — 165
• 26.2 Indicators — 165